A workshop to showcase the diversity of scientists to middle school students.

Identity matters in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) because it can affect an individual's long-term sense of belonging, which may in turn affect their persistence in STEMM. Early K-12 science classes often teach students about the foundational discoveries of the field, which have been predominately made, or at least published, by White men. This homogeneity can leave underrepresented individuals in STEMM feeling isolated, and underrepresented K-12 students may feel as though they cannot enter STEMM fields. This study aimed to examine these feelings of inclusivity in STEMM through an interactive workshop that asked middle schoolers to identify scientists from images of individuals with various racial and gender identities. We found that a plurality of students had a positive experience discussing diversity in science and recognizing underrepresented individuals as scientists.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We observed positive sentiments from middle school students following a workshop that showcased diversity in science. This workshop uniquely encourages students to recognize that physiologists and scientists today are much more diverse than textbooks typically demonstrate and can be adapted for middle schoolers, high schoolers, and college students.

A quick guide to networking for scientists.

Networking is an important skill for finding social relationships relevant to one's career. However, networking can be difficult to navigate as different social situations and career levels require unique skill sets. Here, we provide tips for effective networking at conferences, dinners, and other events.

Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue.

Mitochondria are required for energy production and even give brown adipose tissue (BAT) its characteristic color due to their high iron content and abundance. The physiological function and bioenergetic capacity of mitochondria are connected to the structure, folding, and organization of its inner-membrane cristae. During the aging process, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, and the regulatory balance of mitochondrial dynamics is often disrupted, leading to increased mitochondrial fragmentation in aging cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that significant morphological changes in BAT mitochondria and cristae will be present with aging. A quantitative 3D electron microscopy approach is developed to map cristae network organization in mouse BAT to test this hypothesis. Using this methodology, the 3D morphology of mitochondrial cristae is investigated in adult (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT tissue via serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and 3D reconstruction software for manual segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Upon investigation, an increase is found in mitochondrial volume, surface area, and complexity and decreased sphericity in aged BAT, alongside significant decreases in cristae volume, area, perimeter, and score. Overall, these data define the nature of the mitochondrial structure in murine BAT across aging.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the Laboratory: Strategies to Enhance Inclusive Laboratory Culture.

Building a diverse laboratory that is equitable is critical for the retention of talent and the growth of trainees professionally and personally. Here, we outline several strategies including enhancing understanding of cultural competency and humility, establishing laboratory values, and developing equitable laboratory structures to create an inclusive laboratory environment to enable trainees to achieve their highest success.

3D reconstruction of murine mitochondria reveals changes in structure during aging linked to the MICOS complex.

During aging, muscle gradually undergoes sarcopenia, the loss of function associated with loss of mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity. However, the 3D structural alterations of mitochondria associated with aging in skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues are not well described. Although mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, the genes responsible for the morphological changes in mitochondria during aging are poorly characterized. We measured changes in mitochondrial morphology in aged murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissues using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions. We also used reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR, transmission electron microscopy quantification, Seahorse analysis, and metabolomics and lipidomics to measure changes in mitochondrial morphology and function after loss of mitochondria contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex genes, Chchd3, Chchd6, and Mitofilin. We identified significant changes in mitochondrial size in aged murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissues. We found that both age-related loss of the MICOS complex and knockouts of MICOS genes in mice altered mitochondrial morphology. Given the critical role of mitochondria in maintaining cellular metabolism, we characterized the metabolomes and lipidomes of young and aged mouse tissues, which showed profound alterations consistent with changes in membrane integrity, supporting our observations of age-related changes in muscle tissues. We found a relationship between changes in the MICOS complex and aging. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that underlie the tissue-dependent 3D mitochondrial phenotypic changes that occur in aging and the evolutionary conservation of these mechanisms between Drosophila and mammals.

A workshop on mitochondria for students to improve understanding of science and hypothesis forming.

There remains a clear deficiency in recruiting middle school students in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine fields, especially for those students entering physiology from underrepresented backgrounds. A large part of this may be arising from a disconnect between how science is typically practiced at a collegiate and K-12 level. Here, we have envisioned mitochondria and their diverse subcellular structures as an involver for middle school students. We present the framework for a workshop that familiarizes students with mitochondria, employing three-dimensional visual-spatial learning and real-time critical thinking and hypothesis forming. This workshop had the goal of familiarizing middle school students with the unique challenges the field currently faces and better understanding the actuality of being a scientist through critical analysis including hypothesis forming. Findings show that middle school students responded positively to the program and felt as though they had a better understanding of mitochondria. Future implications for hands-on programs to involve underrepresented students in science are discussed, as well as potential considerations to adapt it for high school and undergraduate students.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we employ a workshop that utilizes blended and tactile learning to teach middle schoolers about mitochondrial structure. By creating an approachable and fun workshop that can be utilized for middle school students, we seek to encourage them to join a career in physiology.

Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue.

Mitochondria are required for energy production and even give brown adipose tissue (BAT) its characteristic color due to their high iron content and abundance. The physiological function and bioenergetic capacity of mitochondria are connected to the structure, folding, and organization of its inner-membrane cristae. During the aging process, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, and the regulatory balance of mitochondrial dynamics is often disrupted, leading to increased mitochondrial fragmentation in aging cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that significant morphological changes in BAT mitochondria and cristae would be present with aging. We developed a quantitative three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy approach to map cristae network organization in mouse BAT to test this hypothesis. Using this methodology, we investigated the 3D morphology of mitochondrial cristae in adult (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT tissue via serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and 3D reconstruction software for manual segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Upon investigation, we found increases in mitochondrial volume, surface area, and complexity and decreased sphericity in aged BAT, alongside significant decreases in cristae volume, area, perimeter, and score. Overall, these data define the nature of the mitochondrial structure in murine BAT across aging.

Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in murine and human myotubes.

The Sorting and Assembly Machinery (SAM) Complex is responsible for assembling ß-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. Comprising three subunits, Sam35, Sam37, and Sam50, the SAM complex connects the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes by interacting with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex. Sam50, in particular, stabilizes the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which is crucial for protein transport, respiratory chain complex assembly, and regulation of cristae integrity. While the role of Sam50 in mitochondrial structure and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains unclear, this study aims to investigate its impact. Serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and computer-assisted 3D renderings were employed to compare mitochondrial structure and networking in Sam50-deficient myotubes from mice and humans with wild-type (WT) myotubes. Furthermore, autophagosome 3D structure was assessed in human myotubes. Mitochondrial metabolic phenotypes were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics to explore differential changes in WT and Sam50-deficient myotubes. The results revealed increased mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagosome formation in Sam50-deficient myotubes compared to controls. Metabolomic analysis indicated elevated metabolism of propanoate and several amino acids, including ß-Alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, along with increased amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in Sam50-deficient myotubes. Furthermore, impairment of oxidative capacity was observed upon Sam50 ablation in both murine and human myotubes, as measured with the XF24 Seahorse Analyzer. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of Sam50 in establishing and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, cristae structure, and mitochondrial metabolism. By elucidating the impact of Sam50-deficiency, this study enhances our understanding of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.

Serial Block Face-Scanning Electron Microscopy as a Burgeoning Technology.

Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), also referred to as serial block-face electron microscopy, is an advanced ultrastructural imaging technique that enables three-dimensional visualization that provides largerx- and y-axis ranges than other volumetric EM techniques. While SEM is first introduced in the 1930s, SBF-SEM is developed as a novel method to resolve the 3D architecture of neuronal networks across large volumes with nanometer resolution by Denk and Horstmann in 2004. Here, the authors provide an accessible overview of the advantages and challenges associated with SBF-SEM. Beyond this, the applications of SBF-SEM in biochemical domains as well as potential future clinical applications are briefly reviewed. Finally, the alternative forms of artificial intelligence-based segmentation which may contribute to devising a feasible workflow involving SBF-SEM, are also considered.

HIIT is most effective than mict on glycemic control of older people with glucose metabolism impairments: A systematic review and metanalysis.

INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise can improve glucose metabolism; however, the best type, volume, intensity, and frequency aren't knowledge. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), an emergent exercise type implicated as a short time-efficient exercise to improve metabolic health, needs more investigation regarding the traditional Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT). OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of MICT and HIIT on glycemic control of older people with glucose metabolism impairments. METHODS: Our research question was based on the PICO model and the systematic review of the literature according to the guidelines of the preferred report items for systematic reviews and PRISMA meta-analyses. An extensive search was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scielo databases. Only English language papers were included. The keywords used were "HIIT and metabolism of the elderly", "HIIT and glucose metabolism of the elderly", and "MICT and metabolism of the elderly", which were crossed with the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" or both according to the guidelines of the PRISMA. RESULTS: Seventy papers were retrieved in the initial search. After applying all inclusions and exclusion parameters, 63 articles were excluded. In the end, six papers were classified as eligible for this study. All data categorically demonstrates that both HIIT and MICT can improve glucose metabolism with a larger effect size towards the HIIT model after the meta-analysis, pointing to HIIT as the most effective strategy. CONCLUSION: Both modalities can improve glucose metabolism in the elderly with a clear advantage for HIIT over MICT.

Recognizing and addressing environmental microaggressions, know-your-place aggression, peer mediocrity, and code-switching in STEMM.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives are critical for fostering growth, innovation, and collaboration in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). This article focuses on four key topics that have impacted many Black individuals in STEMM: know-your-place aggression, environmental microaggressions, peer mediocrity, and code-switching. We provide a comprehensive background on these issues, discuss current statistics, and provide references that support their existence, as well as offer solutions to recognize and address these problems in the STEMM which can be expanded to all historically underrepresented individuals.

3D Mitochondrial Structure in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle: Insights into MFN-2 Mediated Changes.

Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of skeletal muscle, characterized by loss of mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity during aging. Notably, bioenergetics and protein turnover studies have shown that mitochondria mediate this decline in function. Although mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, the three-dimensional (3D) mitochondrial structure associated with morphological changes in skeletal muscle during aging still requires further elucidation. Although exercise has been the only therapy to mitigate sarcopenia, the mechanisms that govern these changes remain unclear. We hypothesized that aging causes structural remodeling of mitochondrial 3D architecture representative of dysfunction, and this effect is mitigated by exercise. We used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to image human skeletal tissue samples, followed by manual contour tracing using Amira software for 3D reconstruction and subsequent analysis of mitochondria. We then applied a rigorous in vitro and in vivo exercise regimen during aging. We found that mitochondria became less complex with age. Specifically, mitochondria lost surface area, complexity, and perimeter, indicating age-related declines in ATP synthesis and interaction capacity. Concomitantly, muscle area, exercise capacity, and mitochondrial dynamic proteins showed age-related losses. Exercise stimulation restored mitofusin 2 (MFN2), which we show is required for mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, we show that this pathway is evolutionarily conserved with Marf, the MFN2 ortholog in Drosophila, as Marf knockdown alters mitochondrial morphology and leads to the downregulation of genes regulating mitochondrial processes. Our results define age-related structural changes in mitochondria and further suggest that exercise may mitigate age-related structural decline through modulation of mitofusins.

Acute effects of different intervals between repeated sprints on performance responses in amateur futsal athletes / Efeitos agudos de diferentes intervalos entre sprint repetidos sobre as respostas de desempenho em atletas amadores de futsal

ABSTRACT Objective: Verify the influence of different break times between sprints on the performance of amateur futsal athletes. Methods: 10 individuals, men, amateur futsal athletes (Age: 21.5 ± 1.6; Weight: 72.4 ± 6.88; Height: 1.72 ± 0.05; BMI: 24.3 ± 1.2; Fat%: 13.7 ± 3.3, VO2peak: 49.1 ± 10.5) participated in the study. Individuals were randomly selected to perform sessions with sprints (10 sets 20 m) with different pause times of 15 (S15), 30 (S30) and 60 (S60) seconds. For performance analysis, the speed (km / h) applied to each sprint was used and monitored by a device with a photocell (CEFISE Biotecnologia Esportiva®). Results: There was an interaction between speed and interval time (p = 0.000). For condition S15, a greater reduction in performance was observed (p ≤ 0.05), while for S30 and S60, no significant reduction in performance was observed (p > 0.05). The data for the area under the curve showed a significant difference (p = 0.000), where the interval of 60 s (S60) was longer compared to the values of 30 (S30) (p = 0.000) and 15 s (S15) (p = 0.000). However, there were no significant differences between the 30 and 15 s data (p = 0.248). Conclusion: A shorter time (15 s) interval between repeated sprints can significantly affect performance compared to longer breaks (30 and 60 s), but all the conditions tested here can be positive for the improvement of performance, mainly in sports that demand fast and efficient motor actions such as futsal.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a influência dos diferentes tempos de intervalo entre os sprints no desempenho dos atletas de futsal amadores. Métodos: 10 indivíduos, homens, atletas de futsal amadores (Idade: 21,5 ± 1,6; Peso: 72,4 ± 6,88; Altura: 1,72 ± 0,05; IMC: 24,3 ± 1,2; Gordura%: 13,7 ± 3,3, VO2peak: 49,1 ± 10,5) participou no estudo. Os indivíduos foram selecionados aleatoriamente para realizar sessões com sprints (10 conjuntos 20 m) com diferentes tempos de pausa de 15 (S15), 30 (S30) e 60 (S60) segundos. Para análise do desempenho, a velocidade (km/h) aplicada a cada sprint foi utilizada e monitorizada por um dispositivo com uma fotocélula (CEFISE Biotecnologia Esportiva®). Resultados: Houve uma interação entre velocidade e tempo de intervalo (p = 0,000). Para a condição S15, observou-se uma maior redução no desempenho (p ≤ 0,05), enquanto para S30 e S60, não se observou qualquer redução significativa no desempenho (p > 0,05). Os dados para a área sob a curva mostraram uma diferença significativa (p = 0,000), onde o intervalo de 60 s (S60) foi mais longo em comparação com os valores de 30 (S30) (p = 0,000) e 15 s (S15) (p = 0,000). No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre os dados de 30 e 15 s (p = 0,248). Conclusão: Um intervalo de tempo mais curto (15 s) entre sprints repetidos pode afetar significativamente o desempenho em comparação com os intervalos mais longos (30 e 60 s), mas todas as condições aqui testadas podem ser positivas para a melhoria do desempenho, principalmente nos desportos que exigem ações motoras rápidas e eficientes, tais como o futsal.

Higher Muscle Damage Triggered by Shorter Inter-Set Rest Periods in Volume-Equated Resistance Exercise.

Objectives: The aim of the manuscript was to analyze the effects of two rest periods between volume-equated resistance exercise (RE) on inflammatory responses (cytokines and leukocyte) and muscle damage. Methods: Ten trained men (26.40 ± 4.73 years, 80.71 ± 8.95 kg, and 176.03 ± 6.11 cm) voluntarily participated in training sessions consisting of five sets of 10 reps performed at 10-RM on (1) the barbell bench press followed by (2) leg press, with either 1- or 3-min rest between sets and exercises. Circulating concentrations of different biomarkers was measured before (Pre), and after 3 h (excepted for cytokines), 6, 12, and 24 h from exercise. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after each set on both planned visits. Results: We found greater increases triggered by the 1-min rest period in Creatine Kinase (CK), occurring from 12 to 24 h post-exercise compared to the 3-min rest condition. A significant increase in the 1-min rest condition was also observed in the total number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. The 1-min rest period also triggered increases compared to baseline in pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), p = 0.004; tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), p = 0.01; and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), p = 0.01], which were more evident after 6 and 12 h post-exercise. Similarly, increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin 5 (IL-5), p = 0.01; Interleukin 6 (IL-6), p = 0.01; and Interleukin 10 (IL-10), p = 0.01] at all time-points were observed. Conclusion: Our results indicate that a 1-min rest condition in volume-equated RE promoted greater overall muscle tissue damage with a longer duration of the inflammatory processes compared to a 3-min rest.

Acute Hormone Responses Subsequent to Agonist-Antagonist Paired Set vs. Traditional Straight Set Resistance Training.

Miranda, H, de Souza, JAAA, Scudese, E, Paz, GA, Salerno, VP, Vigário, PdS, and Willardson, JM. Acute hormone responses subsequent to agonist-antagonist paired set vs. traditional straight set resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1591-1599, 2020-The purpose of this study was to compare acute hormone responses and rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-Res) subsequent to the agonist-antagonist paired set (PS) vs. the traditional straight set (TS) resistance training method. Twelve recreationally trained men (25.7 ± 4.7 years, 173 ± 6.3 cm and 71.5 ± 6.6 kg) participated in the current study. After 10 repetition maximum (RM) load determination, each subject performed the following 2 experimental sessions in random order: TS session-3 sets of 10 repetitions at 85% of 10RM for the machine seated row and barbell bench press with 2-minute rest intervals between sets; and PS-3 sets of 10 repetitions with 85% of 10RM alternating machine seated row and barbell bench press for the total of 6 PSs with 2-minute rest intervals between sets. Total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), cortisol, TT/cortisol ratio, growth hormone (GH), and blood lactate concentrations were measured before workout and immediately after workout and 15 and 30 minutes after workout. The OMNI-RES was recorded at the end of each set for both exercises within each session. Under the TS session, TT significantly increased immediately post-workout vs. the pre-workout time point. For the PS session, TT significantly decreased at 30-minute post-workout vs. the immediate post-workout time point, whereas, FT significantly increased immediately post-workout and 15-minute post-workout vs. the pre-workout time point. For the TS session, GH significantly increased immediately post-workout, and at the 15- and 30-minute post-workout time points vs. the pre-workout time point, respectively. For the PS session, GH was significantly increased immediately post-workout vs. the pre-workout time point. Blood lactate significantly increased at all post-workout time points vs. the pre-workout time point under both sessions. The cortisol and TT/cortisol ratio showed no differences between sessions. In conclusion, from an acute standpoint, the TS approach showed a tendency to cause greater disruption in hormone levels, despite the lack of significant differences vs. the PS approach at all time points. However, both strategies may promote similar acute hormone responses.

Sodium bicarbonate supplementation in resistance exercise performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation (NaHCO3) in repetition performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration. Methods: Fourteen trained men (25.14 ± 3.5 years; 85.83 ± 10.18 kg; 1.78 ± 0.06 m; 26.88 ± 3.17 kg/m2) realized two upper-body resistance exercise sessions consisting of 15-RM load and 1 minute of the interval, combining bicarbonate supplementation (BS) or Placebo conditions. Results: After the ANOVA analysis, no difference was found on the total number of repetitions during the session on both BS and Placebo condition (p = 0.11). However, a greater number of total of repetitions on the machine chest fly exercise for BS vs. Placebo condition (p = 0.04) was observed. The perceived exertion increased regardless of the supplementation condition (p < 0.0001). Additionally, for the blood lactate was observed significant increases in BS vs. Placebo condition in the post verification (p = 0.013), corroborated for a bigger area under the curve (AUC) on the BS compared to Placebo (p = 0.026) condition. Conclusion: In conclusion, sodium bicarbonate supplementation was not able to improve performance during a resistance exercise session, except for the single-joint exercise performed with high values of perceived exertion, not altering the perceived exertion, and blood lactate between protocols.(AU)

Cardiovascular and strength adaptations in concurrent training in hypertensive women / Adaptações cardiovasculares e de força no treinamento concorrente em mulheres hipertensas / Adaptaciones cardiovasculares y de fuerza en el entrenamiento concurrente en mujeres hipertensas

ABSTRACT Introduction Physical exercise has been recommended as a non-pharmacological strategy for preventing and controlling hypertension. Objective To verify chronic cardiovascular and muscle strength adaptations in hypertensive women who underwent 12 weeks of concurrent training (CT) in different orders. Methods Twenty hypertensive women were randomly assigned into 2 groups: resistance exercise-endurance group (REE; 56.00 ± 5.20 years; 78.95 ± 8.28 kg; 155.10 ± 5.30 cm; 33.00 ± 5.30 kg.m-2) and endurance-resistance exercise group (ERE; 57.10 ± 13.38 years; 76.56 ± 18.87 kg; 155.50 ± 8.18 cm; 31.41 ± 5.84 kg.m-2). The endurance exercise was composed of 3 sets of 4 exercises, with 8-RM loads with a 90-second break between sets and exercises. The resistance exercise lasted for 25 minutes and was of progressive intensity. Muscle strength (8-RM), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and double product were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Results The ANOVA showed significant increases in strength for all exercises (p <0.0001) regardless of the order of the concurrent training (bench press, p = 0.680; leg press, p = 0.244; seated row, p = 0.668; and leg extension, p = 0.257). No significant differences in systolic (p = 0.074) and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.064) were observed for different CT conditions. However, significant reductions in systolic (p = 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.006) and double product (p = 0.006) only occurred in the REE group. Conclusion Endurance training and resistance exercise promote significant muscle strength gains after 12 weeks of training regardless of CT order in hypertensive women. Beneficial cardiovascular responses (SBP, DBP, and RPP) were also observed when endurance training was initiated. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating Treatment Outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O exercício físico tem sido recomendado como estratégia não farmacológica para prevenção e controle da hipertensão. Objetivo Verificar as adaptações crônicas cardiovasculares e de força muscular em mulheres hipertensas submetidas a 12 semanas de treinamento concorrente (TC) em diferentes ordens. Métodos Foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos 20 mulheres hipertensas: grupo de treinamento de força-resistência (REE; 56,00 ± 5,20 anos; 78,95 ± 8,28 kg; 155,10 ± 5,30 cm; 33,00 ± 5,30 kg.m-2) e grupo de exercícios de resistência-treinamento de força (ERE; 57,10 ± 13,38 anos; 76,56 ± 18,87 kg; 155,50 ± 8,18 cm; 31,41 ± 5,84 kg.m-2). O treinamento de força foi composto por quatro exercícios, três séries, com cargas de 8-RM com 90 segundos de intervalo entre as séries e os exercícios. O exercício de resistência teve duração de 25 minutos com intensidade progressiva. Força muscular (8-RM), pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, frequência cardíaca e duplo produto foram avaliados pré e pós-exercício. Resultado ANOVA mostrou aumentos significativos de força para todos os exercícios (p < 0,0001), independente da ordem do treinamento concorrente (supino horizontal: p = 0,680; leg press: p = 0,244; remada sentada: p = 0,668; e cadeira extensora: p = 0,257). Para a pressão arterial sistólica (p = 0,074) e diastólica (p = 0,064), não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para diferentes condições de TC. No entanto, apenas em REE, houve redução significativa na pressão arterial sistólica (p = 0,0001), diastólica (p = 0,006) e duplo produto (p = 0,006). Conclusão O treinamento de força e exercício de resistência promove ganhos de força muscular significativos em 12 semanas de treinamento, independentemente da ordem de realização, em mulheres hipertensas. Também foram observadas respostas benéficas cardiovasculares (SBP, DBP e RPP) quando iniciado pelo treinamento de força. Nível de evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos − investigando os resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El ejercicio físico ha sido recomendado como estrategia no farmacológica para prevención y control de la hipertensión. Objetivo Verificar las adaptaciones crónicas cardiovasculares y de fuerza muscular en mujeres hipertensas sometidas a 12 semanas de entrenamiento concurrente (EC) en diferentes órdenes. Método Fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos grupos veinte mujeres hipertensas: grupo de entrenamiento de fuerza-resistencia (REE, 56,00 ± 5,20 años; 78,95 ± 8,28 kg; 155,10 ± 5,30 cm; 33,00 ± 5,30 kg.m-2) y grupo de ejercicios de resistencia-entrenamiento de fuerza (ERE, 57,10 ± 13,38 años; 76,56 ± 18,87 kg; 155,50 ± 8,18 cm; 31,41 ± 5,84 kg.m-2). El entrenamiento de fuerza fue compuesto por cuatro ejercicios, tres series, con cargas de 8-RM con 90 segundos de intervalo entre las series y ejercicios. El ejercicio de resistencia tuvo duración de 25 minutos con intensidad progresiva. La fuerza muscular (8-RM), la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, la frecuencia cardíaca y el doble producto se evaluaron pre y post-ejercicio. Resultados ANOVA mostró aumentos significativos de fuerza para todos los ejercicios (p < 0,0001), independiente del orden del entrenamiento concurrente (press de banca, p = 0,680; leg press, p = 0,244; remada sentada, p = 0,668; y silla extensora, p = 0,257). Para la presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,074) y diastólica (p = 0,064), no se verificaron diferencias significativas para diferentes condiciones de EC. Sin embargo, sólo en REE, hubo una reducción significativa en la presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,0001), diastólica (p = 0,006) y doble producto (p = 0,006). Conclusión El entrenamiento de fuerza y ejercicio de resistencia promueve aumentos de fuerza muscular significativos en 12 semanas de entrenamiento, independiente del orden de realización, en mujeres hipertensas. También fueron observadas respuestas benéficas cardiovasculares (SBP, DBP y RPP) cuando se inicia por el entrenamiento de fuerza. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

ULK2 is essential for degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and homeostasis in skeletal muscle.

Basal protein turnover, which largely relies on the degradation of ubiquitinated substrates, is instrumental for maintenance of muscle mass and function. However, the regulation of ubiquitinated protein degradation in healthy, nonatrophying skeletal muscle is still evolving, and potential tissue-specific modulators remain unknown. Using an unbiased expression analysis of 34 putative autophagy genes across mouse tissues, we identified unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (Ulk)2, a homolog of the yeast autophagy related protein 1, as particularly enriched in skeletal muscle. Subsequent experiments revealed accumulations of insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates associated with the adaptors sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, also known as p62) and next to breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein gene 1 protein (NBR1) in adult muscles with ULK2 deficiency. ULK2 deficiency also led to impaired muscle force and caused myofiber atrophy and degeneration. These features were not observed in muscles with deficiency of the ULK2 paralog, ULK1. Furthermore, short-term ULK2 deficiency did not impair autophagy initiation, autophagosome to lysosome fusion, or protease activities of the lysosome and proteasome. Altogether, our results indicate that skeletal muscle ULK2 has a unique role in basal selective protein degradation by stimulating the recognition and proteolytic sequestration of insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates associated with p62 and NBR1. These findings have potential implications for conditions of poor protein homeostasis in muscles as observed in several myopathies and aging.-Fuqua, J. D., Mere, C. P., Kronemberger, A., Blomme, J., Bae, D., Turner, K. D., Harris, M. P., Scudese, E., Edwards, M., Ebert, S. M., de Sousa, L. G. O., Bodine, S. C., Yang, L., Adams, C. M., Lira, V. A. ULK2 is essential for degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and homeostasis in skeletal muscle.

Multi- To Single-Joint or the Reverse Exercise Order Does Not Affect Pectoralis Major Workout Performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of multi- to single-joint or the reverse exercise order on repetition performance and perceived exertion for the pectoralis major. Fourteen trained men (24.05 ± 4.17 yrs, 78.85 ± 3.51 kg, 175.42 ± 4.01 cm) underwent two different training sequences (SEQ1 and SEQ2). In SEQ1, all subjects performed 5 sets for maximal repetitions, with a 2-min rest interval, of the bench press followed by the machine chest fly with 10 repetitions maximum load. In SEQ2, the same procedures were repeated, but with the reverse order. The t-test did not show any differences (p = 0.140) in total workout repetitions between SEQ1 (62.22 ± 11.00 repetitions) and SEQ2 (55.40 ± 8.51 repetitions). Conversely, the total repetition number for the bench press exercise was significantly greater (p = 0.001) following SEQ1 (34.36 ± 4.68 repetitions) compared to SEQ2 (25.85 ± 6.73 repetitions). In contrast, the total repetition number for the machine chest fly exercise following SEQ2 was significantly greater (p = 0.001) (33.50 + 4.11 repetitions) compared to SEQ1 (27.85 ± 6.52 repetitions). Despite no significant differences found for the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values between SEQ1 and SEQ2 for the barbell bench press in all sets (p ≥ 0.083), significantly higher RPE values for the machine chest fly were observed over the first three sets following SEQ1 compared to SEQ2 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the total workout repetitions were not significantly different when performing the traditional multi- to single-joint or the reverse exercise order when training the pectoralis major muscle.

Effect of different recovery methods in strength training on performance and perceived exertion / Efecto de diferentes métodos de recuperación en entrenamiento de fuerza en la ejecución y percepción del esfuerzo / Efeito de distintos métodos de recuperação no treinamento de força sobre o desempenho e percepção subjetiva de esforço

Objective: The study verified the acute influences of distinct recovery methods between sets on repetition performance and rate of perceived effort. Method: Twenty six trained men (20.61 ± 2.95 years; 73.72 ± 5.91 kg; 175.00 ± 5.14 cm; 9.54 ± 3.86%Fat) performed test and re-test of ten repetitions maxims, on non-consecutive days, for the bench press exercise. Four sets of ten repetitions maxims on bench press were performed with 2 min of rest between sets for distinct recovery methods: passive recovery and active recovery (run performed on a treadmill at 45% of maximum oxygen consumption). Results: No differences were found between the passive recovery (25.50 ± 3.13) and the active recovery (26.07 ± 2.46) for the total number of completed repetitions (p = 0.181). Additionally, the area under the curve did not show any difference between passive recovery (47.05 ± 6.98 reps min−1) and active recovery (48.03 ± 5.46 reps min−1). Important reductions were observed for each subsequent set for both recoveries methods (p = 0.0001). The perceived effort data shown important increase from the second set for passive recovery (p = 0.0001) and active recovery (p = 0.001). Conclusion: No differences were observed between different recovery methods

Objetivo: El estudio verificó la influencia de los métodos de recuperación entre series en el desempeño de las repeticiones y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo. Método: Veintiséis hombres entrenados (20.61 ± 2.95 años; 73.72 ± 5.91 kg; 175.00 ± 5.14 cm; %G = 9.54 ± 3.86%) realizaron el test y un retest de la prueba de 10 repeticiones máximas, en días no consecutivos, para el ejercicio de press de banca. Se realizaron cuatro series en press de banca de diez repeticiones máximas con intervalo de dos minutos y con métodos de recuperación distintos: recuperación pasiva y recuperación activa (carrera continua en tapiz rodante al 45% del consumo de oxígeno máximo). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias entre la recuperación pasiva (25.50 ± 3.13) y la recuperación activa (26.07 ± 2.46) para el número total de repeticiones completadas (p = 0.181). Además, el área bajo la curva no muestra diferencias significativas entre recuperación pasiva (47.05 ± 6.98 reps/min) y recuperación activa (48.03 ± 5.46 reps/min). Se observaron reducciones importantes durante las series sucesivas para ambas recuperaciones (p = 0.0001). Los datos de la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo muestran aumentos importantes a partir de la segunda serie para la recuperación pasiva (p = 0.0001) y para la recuperación activa (p = 0.001). Conclusión: No se observaron diferencias entre los distintos métodos de recuperación

Objetivo: O estudo verificou a influência de diferentes formas de recuperação entre séries, no desempenho das repetições e percepção subjetiva de esforço. Método: Vinte e seis homens treinados (20.61 ± 2.95 anos; 73.72 ± 5.91 kg; 175.0 ± 5.14 cm; %G = 9.54 ± 3.86) realizaram teste e reteste de dez repetições máximas no supino horizontal, em dias não consecutivos. Foram executadas quatro séries no supino horizontal para dez repetições máximas, com intervalo de dois minutos e com diferentes procedimentos de recuperação: recuperação passiva e recuperação ativa (corrida realizada em esteira ergométrica a 45% do consumo máximo de oxigênio). Resultados: Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre a recuperação passiva (25.50 ± 3.13) e a recuperação ativa (26.07 ± 2.46) para o número total de repetições completadas (p = 0.181). Adicionalmente, a área sob a curva não apresentou diferenças significativas entre a recuperação passiva (47.05 ± 6.98 reps/min) comparada com a recuperação ativa (48.03 ± 5.46 reps/min). Reduções importantes ocorreram durante as séries subsequentes para ambas as recuperações (p = 0.0001). Os dados da percepção subjetiva de esforço apresentaram importantes elevações a partir da segunda série para a recuperação passiva (p = 0.0001) e para a recuperação ativa (p = 0.001). Conclusão: Concluímos que não ocorreram diferenças entre os distintos métodos de recuperação